Lending & Borrowing Protocols

Jupiter Lend is a Solana money market for supplying and borrowing assets, built with Fluid and including flash loans. Lend v2, launched in August 2026, added Smart Collateral and Smart Debt, which let deposits and borrowed positions also earn swap fees, while Multiply vaults automate leveraged loops. Jupiter also runs Offerbook, a peer-to-peer market for fixed-term USDC loans with no price-based liquidations. Solana users who already swap on Jupiter and want variable yield or a loan in the same app are well served, and Jupiter Lend has been audited by several firms including Certora formal verification. Withdrawals still depend on available liquidity, and looped positions can be liquidated if rates or prices move.

Sharky is a peer-to-peer lending protocol on Solana where borrowers pledge an NFT from a supported collection as collateral for a SOL loan. Lenders post offers on an open order book, setting the loan-to-value ratio, duration and APY they will accept, and a borrower who takes an offer gets the loan on-chain straight away. Loans run from 7 to 16 days. Lenders who are comfortable pricing NFT collections and want short-term yield on SOL will get the most from Sharky, as will borrowers who need capital for a few days without selling. The trade-off is the fixed deadline: if a Sharky loan is not repaid with interest in time, the NFT transfers automatically to the lender. Sharky lends only against NFTs and only over these short terms.

Kamino Lend is the pool-based, over-collateralised money market at the centre of Kamino Finance. Lenders earn interest set by a utilisation curve, and borrowers draw loans against crypto, liquid staking tokens and tokenized real-world assets. Kamino's fee documentation lists no deposit, withdrawal or origination fees; the protocol takes a spread on interest instead. Since 21 September 2026 borrowers can also lock a fixed rate for terms of 1, 3, 6 or 12 months. It suits borrowers who want a wide choice of collateral in one place, and those who need a known borrowing cost for a set term. The lending program is upgradeable by a 5-of-10 Squads multisig with a 24-hour timelock, without a token vote, and Kamino's audit page did not list a separate review of Fixed Rates as of 1 October 2026.

Citrus is the peer-to-peer NFT lending protocol built by the Famous Foxes team, live on Solana since February 2023. Borrowers post NFTs as collateral and take SOL loans negotiated directly with lenders, while lenders earn yield on their SOL and collect Juice reward points that can be redeemed for bonus NFTs and SOL rewards. A Buy Now, Pay Later feature lets a buyer take an NFT from a connected marketplace immediately and repay the cost over time. NFT holders who need SOL without selling, and SOL holders willing to lend against NFT collateral, will get the most from it. Owners of Famous Fox Friends & Foes NFTs pay 50% lower borrowing fees, so the cheapest terms go to people already inside the Famous Foxes ecosystem. Citrus handles SOL loans against NFTs rather than token-to-token borrowing, and it competes in a crowded field with Sharky, Frakt and Rain.fi.

Marginfi is a peer-to-pool lending protocol on Solana. Depositors supply assets such as SOL, USDC, USDT, wBTC, wETH and the major liquid staking tokens to earn variable interest, while borrowers draw against overcollateralized positions. Each asset has its own loan-to-value setting: stablecoins are typically around 80%, and more volatile assets sit at 50-65%. The protocol was audited by OtterSec. Marginfi works well for borrowers who want to cross-collateralize several assets in one margin account, or to borrow against JitoSOL, mSOL or bSOL through its dedicated Native Stake Market. The trade-off is that the standalone Marginfi app has been deprecated in favour of Project 0, so new users now reach the lending program through the Project 0 interface.

Save is a decentralized money market on Solana where users deposit tokens to earn interest or post collateral for overcollateralized loans with no fixed repayment date. It launched on mainnet in late 2021 as Solend and rebranded to Save in 2024, running on the same program throughout. Interest rates follow a utilization model similar to Aave's, and lending is split across three tiers: a main pool for established assets, isolated pools for newer tokens, and permissionless pools that anyone can create. Borrowers holding long-tail tokens that larger lenders decline to list will get the most from Save, as will users who value several years of mainnet history and audits by Kudelski Security, Neodyme and OSEC. The trade-off is momentum: newer Solana lenders such as Kamino and Jupiter Lend have drawn most of the recent growth, and risk in permissionless pools is set by whoever created the pool.

Huma Finance delivers short-term lending to payment businesses that need stablecoin capital to settle cross-border payments, card transactions, and trade finance obligations. Borrowers access USDC at daily rates of 6–10 basis points, repaying within one to five days once underlying payment flows clear. The rapid turnover means pool capital recycles many times annually, generating compounding returns independent of crypto market cycles. Huma 2.0 on Solana opened permissionless access to this lending yield for retail depositors via PST (PayFi Strategy Token), a liquid receipt token earning approximately 8–10.5% USDC APY plus HUMA governance rewards. PST integrates with Jupiter for swaps, Kamino for borrowing against collateral, and RateX for leveraged yield strategies. By 2026 the protocol had processed over 7 billion dollars in on-chain transactions, with Q4 2025 originations totaling 1.1 billion dollars.

Borrowing on Hubble Protocol works as a collateralized debt position: users deposit crypto such as SOL, BTC, ETH or liquid staking tokens like mSOL, and mint the USDH stablecoin against it. Instead of ongoing interest, Hubble Protocol charges a one-time 0.5% fee when the loan is opened and a matching 0.5% fee at redemption, with a minimum collateralization ratio of 110%. That fee structure fits borrowers who expect to hold a dollar loan for a long time and would rather not track a variable rate. Yield-bearing collateral keeps earning its staking or lending rewards while the debt is open. The trade-off is a narrow product: USDH is the only asset on offer, positions that slip below 110% can be liquidated, and much of the team's attention has moved to Kamino Finance, the larger money market Hubble incubated in 2022.

Credix Finance lends USDC to fintech lenders in Latin America through pools on Solana, with each loan backed by tokenized receivables that the borrowing originator puts up as collateral. Investors pick a tranche: senior tranches are built for steadier yield, junior tranches take on more risk for higher returns. That tranche choice suits lenders who want to set their own risk level on real-economy credit instead of over-collateralized crypto loans. Credix Finance has no native token, so returns come only from USDC loan interest, with no token incentives on top. Borrowing is limited to vetted originators rather than open to anyone, and the shift toward its CrediPay product for Brazilian businesses makes the future of the open lending pools less certain.

In the lending and borrowing space, Carrot Vault serves as a meta-layer that intelligently manages stablecoin deposits across Solana's leading lending protocols. The platform automatically identifies and deploys capital to the most profitable lending opportunities, handling the complexities of position management and rebalancing on behalf of users.Operating as a yield aggregator for lending markets, Carrot Vault maintains deep liquidity across multiple protocols while implementing sophisticated risk assessment methods. The platform continually monitors lending rates, protocol health, and market conditions to optimize capital allocation. Their automated rebalancing system ensures users always receive competitive lending rates without having to actively manage multiple positions across different platforms. The protocol also maintains reserve ratios and withdrawal buffers to ensure users can access their funds when needed.

Maple Finance is an onchain credit marketplace that makes fixed-rate, overcollateralized loans to institutional borrowers such as trading firms, market makers and crypto-native funds. Loans run 30 to 180 days at rates set by Maple's own credit team rather than by an algorithmic supply-and-demand curve, and its Blue Chip pool accepts only Bitcoin and Ethereum as collateral, kept above a 150% ratio. It makes most sense for lenders who want fixed-term credit exposure and are willing to complete KYC, which both lenders and borrowers in the direct pools must do. Maple Finance operates primarily on Ethereum and has expanded to Solana only for certain products, and its original undercollateralized model saw a $36 million borrower default in late 2022 before the protocol was redesigned.

Apricot Finance stands out as an innovative lending protocol on Solana, offering sophisticated borrowing and lending capabilities with unique features like cross-margin collateralization. Users can deposit supported assets to earn interest while borrowing against their collateral, with the protocol's cross-margin model allowing all assets in a user's account to collectively contribute to their total borrowing power. This approach significantly improves capital efficiency compared to traditional isolated margin systems.The protocol's flagship features include Apricot X-Farm for leveraged yield farming and Apricot Assist for automated downside protection against liquidations. Users can borrow assets with up to 3x leverage while maintaining their original asset exposure, and the automated self-deleveraging tool helps protect positions from liquidation risks. These features, combined with competitive interest rates and a user-friendly interface, make Apricot Finance a compelling choice for those seeking advanced lending and borrowing capabilities on Solana.

RainFi was a peer-to-peer lending protocol on Solana where loans settled by duration rather than collateral price: borrower and lender fixed the term and interest rate at origination, and no mid-loan price liquidation applied. Borrowers could post any of more than 100 supported tokens, or NFTs, as collateral, and lenders built their own pools in Lite or Pro mode, setting loan-to-value ratios, accepted collateral, rate bands and per-borrower caps. RainFi suited borrowers who wanted a predictable financing window through volatile markets and lenders who preferred to price term risk instead of watching price ratios. The catch is that the standalone protocol is being wound down after Jupiter acquired it in December 2025, and no security audit reports were publicly disclosed.

PsyFi's PsyLend protocol represents a sophisticated lending and borrowing platform within the Solana ecosystem, offering unique features tailored to options traders and vault participants. Users can borrow against their PsyVault positions, enabling them to access liquidity without divesting from their yield-generating strategies. The platform's integration with its options trading infrastructure creates a seamless experience for traders looking to leverage their positions.The lending protocol distinguishes itself through its specialized focus on options-based collateral and vault positions. Users can supply assets to earn low-risk returns through the PsyLend Supply program, while borrowers can access capital by using their vault positions as collateral. This integrated approach to lending and options trading creates a unique value proposition in the Solana DeFi landscape, allowing for enhanced capital efficiency and risk management.

Jet Protocol stands out as an innovative lending and borrowing platform on Solana, offering fixed-rate, fixed-term loans through an orderbook-based system. Unlike variable rate protocols, Jet allows lenders and borrowers to lock in predictable rates for set durations, providing greater stability and planning capability. The protocol supports multiple collateral types and maintains isolated lending pools for enhanced security.Jet's unique approach to lending includes features like maker/taker orders for loans, automated loan rolling, and collateralized margin accounts. Lenders can earn attractive fixed yields by funding loan orders, while borrowers benefit from transparent, predictable borrowing costs. The protocol's governance token JET also allows stakeholders to participate in protocol decisions and earn additional rewards through staking.

Credible Finance runs a permissionless stablecoin liquidity pool on Solana and Polygon. Lenders deposit USDC or USDT, and the pool finances short-term advances to merchants, each secured against a payment that has already been confirmed and typically repaid within one to seven business days. Lenders earn the financing spread, which Credible has advertised at around 16% APY in the past. The pool suits stablecoin holders who want yield from payment flows rather than from leveraged crypto borrowing. That 16% figure is a historical advertised rate, not a guarantee, and returns depend on payments actually settling through Credible's banking partners.

Port Finance stands out as one of Solana's most comprehensive lending and borrowing protocols, offering both variable and fixed-rate options for users seeking to maximize their capital efficiency. The platform enables users to deposit various crypto assets as collateral and borrow against them, while lenders can earn competitive yields on their deposited assets. The protocol's multi-collateral system allows borrowers to optimize their borrowing power by utilizing different types of collateral simultaneously.Port Finance's lending capabilities are enhanced by its sophisticated interest rate model and risk management framework. Users can switch between fixed and variable rates to manage their exposure, while the protocol maintains healthy collateralization ratios through its automated liquidation mechanisms. The platform also supports flash loans for more advanced DeFi strategies, and its integration with other Solana protocols makes it a versatile choice for users looking to leverage their assets within the broader DeFi ecosystem.

In the lending and borrowing space, Mango Markets offers a sophisticated lending protocol that enables users to earn interest on their deposited assets while providing borrowers with competitive rates. The platform's cross-margining system sets it apart from traditional lending protocols by allowing users to borrow against their entire portfolio rather than individual assets, maximizing capital efficiency. The lending protocol features a dynamic interest rate model that automatically adjusts based on market conditions and utilization rates, ensuring optimal rates for both lenders and borrowers. Mango Markets' risk management system carefully monitors collateral ratios and market conditions, implementing automatic liquidations when necessary to protect lenders while providing borrowers with clear parameters for maintaining their positions.

EnsoFi is a lending and borrowing market that uses Solana as its home chain, with further deployments on Sui and Eclipse. Lenders supply assets such as SOL and USDC to earn interest, and borrowers post collateral to draw liquidity, choosing between fixed-term and flexible loans. Liquid staking tokens are accepted as collateral too, so a borrower can keep earning staking yield while a loan is open. Founded in 2024 by a team in Hanoi, EnsoFi makes most sense for depositors who want one interface for lending on several chains rather than a separate dashboard for each. The trade-off is maturity: the protocol is early-stage, has announced no venture funding, and does not prominently publish third-party audit reports, so check its current documentation before committing significant capital.

Tulip Protocol provides a comprehensive lending and borrowing platform built on Solana, leveraging integration with Solend to offer users opportunities to earn interest on deposits or take out loans against their crypto assets. The protocol's lending pools support a variety of tokens, allowing lenders to earn steady yields while borrowers can access capital for trading or other purposes.The platform stands out for its innovative approach to leveraged yield farming, where users can borrow additional funds against their deposits to amplify their farming positions. This sophisticated lending mechanism is complemented by robust risk management systems and liquidation protocols to protect both lenders and borrowers. Users can easily monitor their lending positions and earned interest through an intuitive dashboard, while the platform's integration with other DeFi protocols creates a seamless borrowing experience.

Player2's lending and borrowing capabilities center around its groundbreaking liquidation-free loan protocol, which revolutionizes how users can access credit on Solana. Unlike traditional DeFi lending platforms that rely on over-collateralization and liquidation mechanisms, Player2's system implements a flexible repayment model based on borrower cash flows, eliminating the risk of forced liquidations.The platform's innovative approach makes DeFi lending more accessible to mainstream users while enabling longer-term borrowing use cases that aren't well-served by existing protocols. Additionally, the integration with Player2's broader ecosystem means borrowers can benefit from enhanced terms through DEO token staking and P2 Farmer NFT holdings, creating a more rewarding lending experience.

Lavarage is a Solana lending market built to fund leveraged spot trades. Traders borrow from lender pools, buy the token through Jupiter and hold it as collateral for the loan. Active lenders set their own terms, choosing which tokens they accept as collateral, the loan-to-value they will extend and the interest rate they require, and a matching engine pairs each request with the most favorable offer available. It makes most sense for lenders who want to price risk on long-tail tokens themselves, and for traders who want up to 20x leverage on tokens with no futures market. Lavarage has run on mainnet since early 2024 and names Code4rena and Sec3 as auditors, although the audit reports were not published in its public materials. Borrowing here funds a leveraged purchase rather than a general-purpose loan, and borrow costs run high on volatile assets.

Banx is a peer-to-peer lending protocol on Solana where borrowers pledge NFTs as collateral and set their own LTV and interest rate, and lenders post matching offers. Banx loans have no fixed term, so interest accrues only for as long as the loan is open and borrowers can repay at any time. It makes most sense for NFT holders who want liquidity without selling, and for lenders comfortable pricing NFT collateral themselves. Banx uses no price oracle, so a price drop alone never triggers liquidation. The trade-off sits with the borrower: if a lender wants out and no new lender bids at the refinancing auction, the NFT changes hands.

Texture stands out in Solana's lending landscape by offering a unique peer-to-peer token lending protocol that enables direct borrowing and lending without intermediaries. Users can access high loan-to-value ratios (70-90%) for short-term 7-day loans by locking collateral tokens, while lenders can earn attractive yields exceeding 100% APR by setting their own risk parameters and offer terms. The protocol eliminates the need for traditional pooled lending mechanisms and oracle price feeds.Unlike conventional lending platforms, Texture puts risk management directly in the hands of lenders who can adjust their offer prices and LTV ratios based on market conditions. The platform's innovative approach to lending includes features like no liquidations, no borrow/lend limits, and a straightforward fixed-term structure where lenders can claim collateral if loans aren't repaid within the 7-day period. Additionally, the protocol incentivizes participation through its PXLS rewards system, creating an engaging lending experience for users seeking higher yields with corresponding risks.

Loopscale represents a major innovation in DeFi lending on Solana through its sophisticated order book model that enables true fixed-rate loans with customizable terms. Unlike traditional lending pools, Loopscale directly matches lenders and borrowers, allowing for more efficient price discovery and reduced systemic risk. The protocol's Creditbook system standardizes loan terms while maintaining flexibility in collateral types and durations. With over $480M in lending volume during its closed beta, Loopscale demonstrates the demand for more sophisticated lending infrastructure. The platform's unique features include automated refinancing at market rates, early withdrawal options with fair value calculations, and the ability to support any tokenized asset as collateral. Their Yield Loops product also enables automated leveraged yield strategies, while Loopscale Vaults provide passive exposure to lending strategies for less active users.

Nostra Money Market stands out as a sophisticated lending and borrowing protocol built for Starknet. The platform implements innovative risk management through tiered asset classifications and efficiency modes, allowing users to optimize their lending and borrowing strategies based on risk tolerance. The dynamic interest rate model automatically adjusts based on market conditions and utilization rates.The protocol's automated liquidation protection mechanisms help safeguard user positions during market volatility. Lenders can earn competitive yields on their deposited assets while borrowers can access loans against their collateral with clear terms and transparent risk parameters. The integration with other Nostra products creates a comprehensive DeFi ecosystem that enhances overall capital efficiency.

Quartz's Self-Custody Card offers an innovative lending solution that allows users to access liquidity from their crypto assets without selling them. Through their platform, users can take out DeFi loans against their Solana-based assets and seamlessly use the borrowed funds for real-world transactions via their card or bank transfers, maintaining exposure to their original assets while accessing spending power.The platform stands out in the lending space by combining DeFi borrowing with traditional payment infrastructure. Users retain full custody of their collateralized assets throughout the process, and the automated loan management system ensures optimal loan-to-value ratios and competitive interest rates. This bridges the gap between DeFi lending and everyday spending, making it easier for users to leverage their crypto holdings for real-world utility without sacrificing potential appreciation.

Stake Repaid Loans introduces an innovative lending protocol that allows SOL holders to borrow against their staked assets without unstaking. The platform enables users to maintain their staking yields while accessing immediate liquidity, effectively creating a self-repaying loan mechanism through staking rewards.This lending solution addresses a key pain point in the Solana ecosystem by allowing users to maintain their staking positions while accessing capital. The automatic loan repayment through staking rewards creates a sustainable borrowing model that benefits both lenders and borrowers while contributing to network security by keeping SOL staked.

Lendasat provides a unique lending solution on Solana by enabling Bitcoin-collateralized loans through innovative Discreet Log Contracts (DLCs) built on ARK technology. The platform facilitates peer-to-peer lending where users can lock their Bitcoin as collateral to borrow other assets, while lenders can provide liquidity to earn interest, all without requiring trust between parties. The use of Bitcoin price oracles ensures accurate collateral valuation and automated liquidation processes.What sets Lendasat apart in the lending space is its non-custodial approach, eliminating counterparty risk through smart contract automation. Borrowers benefit from maintaining sovereignty over their Bitcoin while accessing liquidity, and lenders are protected through the platform's robust oracle system and automated liquidation mechanisms. The integration with ARK technology provides a secure and efficient bridge between Bitcoin and Solana ecosystems, opening up new possibilities for cross-chain DeFi lending.

Adrastea Finance operates single-asset passive lending pools that supply liquidity to its leveraged yield strategies. Lenders deposit supported assets and earn variable APY funded by borrower interest, with no liquidation risk and no impermanent loss, as all positions are fully collateralized by Boost users' holdings. The interest rate model uses a two-slope curve: below a utilization threshold, rates rise linearly; above it, they spike exponentially to attract new capital when pools are heavily used. The only fee for lenders is a 0.1% withdrawal charge, though high utilization can temporarily restrict full withdrawals, a constraint Adrastea's documentation explicitly acknowledges as the market mechanism for restoring equilibrium. Boost users borrow from these pools to take leveraged positions in JLP, Jupiter's perpetuals liquidity index. lrtsSOL holders gain an additional credit layer through BANX integration, allowing them to borrow against their restaked position without unstaking.

Pyra operated a decentralized borrowing and lending application on Solana Mainnet, integrating lending mechanics directly into a consumer-facing crypto card and yield platform. Users deposited crypto assets that the protocol deployed through on-chain lending strategies, allowing the platform to maintain capital efficiency while balances remained accessible for everyday card spending. The borrowing and lending program, recorded on-chain and running under open-beta status, formed the capital management backbone that let user holdings stay productive rather than sitting idle between transactions. Pyra's integration of DeFi lending with a payment card interface represented an ambitious experiment in bringing on-chain credit markets into a consumer product — one that was ultimately ended by the April 2026 Drift Protocol exploit that froze the liquidity infrastructure Pyra's lending layer depended on.

Adrastea Finance's Leverage JLP product is a two-sided lending market on Solana built around Jupiter's JLP index token, which earns fees from Jupiter Perpetuals trading activity. Passive lenders deposit USDC or JLP into isolated pools and earn interest with no liquidation risk or impermanent loss, while Boosters borrow up to two times their notional value to purchase additional JLP via Meteora Swap and gain amplified yield exposure. The interest rate model draws from Aave's dual-slope structure, with gradual rate increases below optimal utilization and sharp increases above it to incentivize liquidity restoration. Each pool pair is isolated to contain risk, and all position details — borrowed amount, entry price, and fees — are recorded on-chain as Ledger Positions for transparent auditing. Boosters pay only the borrow APY with no additional protocol fees during epochs.

Asgard Finance sits at the composability layer above Solana's established money markets, routing user positions through four audited lending protocols—Kamino, Drift, Save, and MarginFi—representing over 3 billion dollars in aggregate liquidity. Its Collateral Swap product allows users to move between collateral positions without unwinding borrows or supplying additional capital, while its Debt Swap product enables borrowers to refinance into lower-rate sources without disrupting yield accumulation on the collateral side. Both operations execute atomically, eliminating market exposure during the swap. The platform's Credit Backed Positions product extends this lending infrastructure toward institutional-grade structured margin, supporting leverage over 200 digital assets with advanced order types and risk management tooling. CBP facilitated more than 35 million dollars in aggregate position volume during its beta phase and is positioned as a lower-cost alternative to incumbent margin trading platforms. Asgard's routing logic selects optimal loan-to-value ratios and protocol sources per position, and its in-house high-performance liquidator bot operates alongside over 70 existing liquidators to minimize undercollateralization windows.

FalconX offers an institutional lending and borrowing suite encompassing margin loans with flexible settlement, OTC lending, direct market access loans, and structured products. A one-click borrowing feature allows clients to draw against collateral positions without manual confirmation steps, reducing operational friction. Yield generation services enable returns on idle assets held within the platform. In August 2026, FalconX and Ethena launched a $1 billion warehouse financing facility designed to expand institutional lending capacity across the market. The firm's acquisition of bloXroute in July 2026 positions it for expansion into on-chain capital markets. Custody-integrated collateral management enables clients to use staked assets, including JitoSOL, as collateral for borrowing without unwinding staking positions.

Nexo is a centralized, institutional-grade lending platform that allows SOL holders to borrow stablecoins or fiat against their Solana collateral without credit checks or fixed repayment schedules. Credit lines are available at up to 30% loan-to-value, with interest rates starting from 1.9% annually, daily limits up to $2 million for standard accounts, and up to $200 million for private clients. The platform has processed over $403 billion in transactions across 200+ jurisdictions since its 2018 founding, making it one of the most established regulated crypto lending venues in the world. Nexo's flagship offering is its Zero-Interest Credit product, the first 0% APR, no-liquidation lending product extended to SOL and XRP collateral in the industry. Borrowers commit a minimum of 100 SOL at 30% LTV in exchange for a fixed repayment structure with no forced liquidation risk during the loan term. The product won "Consumer Lending Product of the Year" at the FinTech Breakthrough Awards in March 2026 and has generated over $170 million in total loan volume, with a 66% renewal rate and an average of four loan renewals per borrower.

Glow Finance is a lending and borrowing platform on Solana built around a margin account system, launched on mainnet in April 2025 by Blueprint Finance. Margin accounts serve as unified capital containers that hold collateral, enable borrowing, and connect to external DeFi strategies without requiring users to move funds off-platform. Blueprint rebuilt infrastructure acquired from Jet Protocol in October 2024 and added protocol-level Adapters, including Jupiter integration for leveraged trading. Margin Pools back borrowing through a variable interest rate model tied to utilization, designed to balance depositor returns with borrowing demand. Partial liquidations reduce penalties when borrower positions deteriorate. Blueprint Finance closed a $9.5 million round in June 2025 led by Polychain Capital, with VanEck and YZi Labs among the investors. Contracts have been audited by Halborn, Zellic, and Certora, with a bug bounty active on Code4rena.

Bitfinex operates a peer-to-peer margin funding marketplace where users can supply digital assets — including SOL — to earn variable interest from margin traders. Unlike exchanges that internalize the lending function and set fixed rates, Bitfinex's P2P model has funding rates determined by real-time supply and demand between lenders and borrowers. The Bitfinex Borrow service extends this further, allowing users to borrow assets against their holdings for purposes beyond margin trading. Margin trading on Bitfinex supports leverage of up to 10x, funded directly through this P2P lending pool. The zero-fee policy introduced in December 2025 did not eliminate lending fees, which remain a distinct revenue stream alongside withdrawal charges. For SOL holders specifically, the P2P funding market provides a route to earn yield on SOL balances by supplying capital to margin traders seeking leveraged SOL exposure, without interacting with on-chain protocols.

Pike Finance is a modular lending protocol built for capital-efficient borrowing against correlated assets such as liquid staking tokens, liquid restaking tokens, and stablecoins. Its architecture separates lending infrastructure from market curation, allowing external protocols called governors to deploy custom lending markets with independent risk parameters and interest rate curves. Pike launched its mainnet beta in early 2024, suffered two security exploits in April 2024, fully compensated affected users, and relaunched in December 2025 after completing independent audits by MixBytes and Fuzzland. The protocol's Universal Vault module enables cross-chain collateral accounting, letting deposits on one chain back borrows on another without bridging or wrapping assets. Pricing relies on a dual-oracle system drawing from Chainlink and Pyth Network feeds for redundancy. Tapio Protocol serves as the inaugural governor, deploying a market on Base where its wSPA liquid staking token earns both staking and lending yield as dual-yield collateral. Solana is named in Pike's planned network expansion alongside Monad and Fraxchain.

Plume integrates with Morpho to enable lending and borrowing against vault token positions, turning institutional-grade RWA instruments into productive DeFi collateral. Users who hold Plume Vault tokens — backed by diversified assets such as CLOs, structured receivables, and treasury bills — can borrow against those positions without redeeming, maintaining yield exposure while accessing liquidity. Approximately $200 million of Plume-issued RWAs were actively deployed as collateral on Morpho as of Q3 2025, demonstrating real adoption of the lending layer. This collateral functionality is central to Plume's DeFi composability thesis: tokenized real-world assets should interact with the broader DeFi ecosystem the same way any on-chain primitive would. The Loop feature extends this further, automating recursive borrowing against vault positions to create leveraged yield exposure up to 6.7x in a single transaction. Plume's compliance layer ensures transfer restrictions and KYC rules are encoded into the asset tokens themselves, maintaining regulatory integrity even as assets circulate as collateral across lending protocols.

In August 2026, VALR launched Borrow, a collateralized lending product that allows users to access funds by pledging crypto holdings as collateral without selling their positions. The product provides instant crediting to VALR accounts with no credit checks, no traditional paperwork, and flexible repayment terms with no fixed schedules or early settlement fees. Funds accessed through Borrow can be traded, converted to fiat, withdrawn, or spent via VALR Pay. Beyond Borrow, VALR operates a broader staking and lending product suite for retail and institutional clients, and holds a National Credit Regulator registration covering its lending operations under South African regulatory frameworks. The lending offering is part of VALR's strategy to deliver a full spectrum of financial services on a single regulated platform, allowing users to hold, earn yield on, borrow against, and spend digital assets without moving funds off the exchange.

Maya Bank, Inc. holds a full digital banking license from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and offers a comprehensive suite of credit products serving both consumers and micro-merchants. The credit lineup includes buy-now-pay-later installment splits, a PHP 30,000 revolving credit line, two co-branded credit cards, and Maya Advance — a collateral-free working capital loan product for small businesses. AI-powered credit scoring built on behavioral and transaction data enables Maya to underwrite borrowers without conventional credit histories, directly targeting the large share of Filipino adults outside the formal banking system. By end-2025, Maya had disbursed PHP 256 billion in total loans since its 2022 launch, with the active loan book reaching PHP 27 billion — a 59% year-on-year increase. Savings products complement the lending offering with a base 4.5% annual interest rate, with promotional campaigns reaching 15%, drawing PHP 68 billion in deposits from 10.7 million bank customers. Maya's integration of lending and savings within the same app as payments and crypto trading positions it as a vertically integrated financial platform serving both the banked and the financially excluded.

RebelFi routes stablecoin deposits through overcollateralized lending protocols to generate yield for payment fintechs and institutional operators. Integrated venues include Aave v3 on Ethereum and Base, Morpho's isolated market architecture, Kamino on Solana, and Compound — each selected against minimum TVL thresholds, an 18-month protocol age requirement, and dual independent security audits. A Yield Router queries live lending rates and ranks options before any capital is deployed. Operators access lending protocol yield without direct integration complexity through RebelFi's non-custodial TypeScript SDK and REST API. The standard yield tier targets 4–7% APY on USDC and USDT using overcollateralized positions across Aave, Morpho, and Kamino. Allocation limits cap single-protocol concentration, and withdrawals from standard lending positions are available on demand with no enforced lock-up periods. A managed tier adds delta-neutral strategies for operators targeting 7–11% APY.

Polytrade Finance is a live AI-powered credit product targeting small and medium-sized enterprises, offering working capital lending with underwriting completed within minutes after AI verification of source documents. The product's senior capital is backstopped by an on-chain TRADE token treasury held at a 2x collateral ratio relative to deposits — a reserve structure verifiable directly on Polygonscan. This lending model traces back to Polytrade's founding mission: its predecessor Riqueza Capital financed $500 million in SME invoices across 5,000 sellers between 2014 and 2020, building real underwriting expertise before the blockchain pivot. AI acceleration now delivers what previously required manual credit assessment teams. The original blockchain iteration of Polytrade used smart contracts to turn unpaid invoices into DeFi-eligible instruments, letting liquidity pools fund SME working capital while insurance-backed structures protected lenders — a narrow but proven product that gave the team deep familiarity with the compliance and documentation requirements of real-world credit. That operational foundation distinguishes Polytrade Finance from most DeFi lending protocols, which target crypto-native borrowers rather than traditional businesses with receivables and revenue. Polytrade's roadmap also includes a decentralized options market for hedging tokenized assets and DePIN expansions into Bitcoin mining and GPU-sharing credit markets. The TRADE token's 100 million fixed supply — fully circulating — captures fee revenue and supports senior deposit collateralization.

Netcoins became the first retail cryptocurrency exchange in Canada to offer embedded crypto-backed lending, launching the product in July 2026 through a partnership with APX Lending. APX Lending holds exemptive relief from the Canadian Securities Administrators — the first crypto-backed lender in Canada to receive this designation — enabling Netcoins users to borrow against Bitcoin or Ethereum collateral within a fully regulated framework. Loans start at CAD 10,000 with loan-to-value ratios up to 60%, terms ranging from three to sixty months, and interest rates beginning at 9.99%, with Canadian dollar proceeds disbursed same-day upon collateral receipt. The embedded lending feature addresses a meaningful gap in the Canadian market: the ability to access liquidity from crypto holdings without triggering a taxable sale. Prior to APX Lending's regulatory approval and Netcoins' product launch, this type of crypto-collateralized borrowing was largely unavailable to Canadian retail investors through a fully regulated domestic platform. Positioned within an exchange that holds FINTRAC registration and a Restricted Dealer designation with provincial securities commissions, Netcoins' lending product represents a significant expansion of institutional-grade credit services into the retail segment of the Canadian crypto market.

Bitcoin Suisse offers crypto-backed lending directly from its custody platform, allowing clients to borrow USD, EUR, or CHF against a basket of 16 or more crypto assets, including staked holdings. Clients holding staked SOL can use that position as collateral for fiat liquidity without unstaking or liquidating their crypto exposure. The integrated lending product spans both directions: clients can also lend fiat to earn yield on the opposite side of the loan book. The lending facility is notable for its integration with custody — no asset transfer to an external protocol or DeFi smart contract is required, preserving the regulatory wrapper that institutional clients require. By accepting staked SOL as collateral, Bitcoin Suisse allows Solana stakers to maintain yield exposure while accessing working capital, a structure that would be difficult to replicate within on-chain DeFi given the compliance requirements of the firm's institutional client base.

BlockPeer's Cliq marketplace is a financing layer where businesses post tokenized trade documents — bills of lading, promissory notes, and receivables — as collateral to receive stablecoin or fiat financing from investor pools including funds, banks, and individual trade finance investors. The platform integrates USDC and EURC through Circle's Alliance program, enabling settlement across Ethereum, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Base, and Celo, with financing closeable in under 24 hours versus seven-to-ten days under traditional UCP 600 letter-of-credit processes. A completed pilot with XDC Trade Network and Noves validated the model in production, with tokenized electronic promissory notes pledged as collateral and transactions settling faster and cheaper than conventional bank financing. BlockPeer reports 50% reductions in financing costs and 70% faster approval processes relative to traditional channels, with MPC and Safe Multisig wallet infrastructure ensuring organizations retain self-custody of tokenized documents and funds throughout the lending lifecycle.

World Liberty Financial operates a lending and borrowing platform called WLFI Markets. Initially deployed on an Aave V3 instance, WLFI Markets migrated to the Dolomite lending protocol by January 2026. The platform allows users to supply assets such as Wrapped Bitcoin and Ethereum as collateral and borrow against them, with USD1 serving as a primary borrowable asset, creating a closed-loop between the stablecoin and lending infrastructure. The protocol lending functionality has attracted both adoption and scrutiny. In April 2026, the team pledged 5 billion WLFI tokens on Dolomite to borrow approximately 75 million dollars in stablecoins using the native governance token as collateral. That transaction drained the USD1 lending pool and temporarily trapped other depositors, raising structural conflict-of-interest concerns given that the same entity controls both the borrower position and a significant share of the protocol governance.

Finna offers crypto-backed fiat loans with no credit checks, no paperwork, and instant local currency disbursement. Users in high-inflation markets like Nigeria deposit stablecoins as collateral and borrow at 0.20 percent per month, a rate Finna says is ten times cheaper than the least expensive formal credit available to the average Nigerian. Collateral is returned in full once the loan is repaid, and the process requires no land as collateral or banking history. The lending product addresses a deep gap in Nigerian financial infrastructure, where nearly 60 billion dollars in digital assets flowed in the twelve months to June 2024 yet formal borrowing options remain scarce and expensive. Finna holds a license under Nigeria Money Lenders Law, giving it legal standing to extend fiat credit. In its first eighteen months, the platform processed over 80 million dollars in total transaction volume, reflecting sustained demand for accessible lending in its primary markets.

Amber Premium offers crypto-backed collateralized lending as a core service for institutional clients and high-net-worth individuals seeking liquidity without liquidating existing positions. The platform provides financing against digital asset collateral at competitive rates with automated liquidation risk management, meeting the precision and operational standards that professional counterparties demand. Regulatory standing backs Amber Premium lending capability: the Dubai VARA license granted to its subsidiary explicitly authorizes VA Lending and Borrowing Services for global institutional and qualified investors. Amber Premium FZE is among the first institutional-grade crypto firms to complete VARA full licensing process, giving its lending services a compliance foundation that differentiates the platform from unregulated digital asset lenders operating in the same space.

Sygnum Bank offers Lombard loans collateralised against more than 20 digital assets, denominated in Swiss francs, euros, US dollars, and Singapore dollars. In May 2025, staked SOL became eligible collateral, allowing clients to borrow fiat while their SOL remains actively staked and continues earning rewards. Borrowers can use staking yield to offset borrowing costs without liquidating their position, a structure that did not previously exist in a fully regulated banking context. By the time of the staked SOL announcement, Lombard loan volume at Sygnum had doubled over the preceding twelve months, reflecting growing institutional demand for credit against digital asset collateral. The service is delivered under Sygnum's banking licences from FINMA, Singapore's MAS, and the ADGM, distinguishing it from unregulated crypto lending venues. This credit offering sits alongside trading, custody, and staking services across more than thirty cryptocurrencies on a single regulated platform.