Formal Verification Solutions

CertiK offers formal verification as an add-on to its smart contract audits, using maths to prove that code always behaves as intended rather than testing only some cases. CertiK lists over 1,200 formally verified projects, and the firm was founded in 2017 by Ronghui Gu of Columbia and Zhong Shao of Yale. Formal verification suits teams holding large amounts of user money who want stronger assurance than a standard review. It is available on request rather than included by default, pricing is quote-only, and like any audit it covers one version of the code at one moment in time.

Sec3 offers PhD-led formal verification for Solana protocols, mathematically checking that a protocol's key invariants hold rather than relying only on reviewers and test cases to catch bugs. The firm positions this service for protocols with large amounts of value locked, alongside its manual audits and its X-ray static analyzer, and its team pairs PhD-level research with competitive hacking experience, including first-place finishes in the Aptos and Sui capture-the-flag contests. Formal verification makes most sense for lending markets, exchanges and other high-value Solana protocols where one broken invariant could drain funds. Sec3 sells it as a paid engagement, not a tool a team can run on its own, so smaller projects will usually start with an audit or a free X-ray scan instead.

Beosin VaaS integrates formal verification as a core component of its smart contract review process, applying mathematical proof techniques to confirm contract logic correctness rather than relying solely on pattern-based scanning. The company was co-founded by professors from world-renowned universities and operates with a team of more than 40 PhDs, an academic foundation that underpins its rigorous approach to verification. Formal verification within VaaS runs alongside static analysis and fuzzy testing across more than 100 security checkpoints, forming a layered pre-deployment review process. Beosin holds SOC 2 and ISO 27001 certifications and has published Solana-specific security research addressing common SVM vulnerabilities and audit considerations for cross-chain protocols, reflecting its grounding in original technical work.

Extropy integrates formal verification into its security auditing practice as a core methodology alongside manual review and automated testing. Formal verification allows the firm's auditors to construct mathematical proofs about program behaviour, providing stronger correctness guarantees than test coverage alone — a particularly important property when reviewing zero-knowledge proof systems where subtle unsoundness can allow false proofs to pass verification. The firm applies this approach across multiple languages and environments including Solidity, Rust for Solana programs, and Cairo for StarkNet. Oxford's proximity to academic research in formal methods and cryptography has shaped the firm's team composition, which spans cryptography, embedded systems, IT security, and software engineering. The firm's ZK auditing practice specifically targets vulnerability classes common in proof systems: under-constrained circuits, overflow issues in finite field arithmetic, and soundness failures. This combination of applied formal methods and cross-ecosystem audit experience positions Extropy as a resource for Solana projects and other blockchain developers seeking mathematically grounded security review.

RISC Zero has engaged Veridise to apply formal verification to its ZK circuits using the Picus automated tool, which provides continuous mathematical checking for underconstrained bugs — a vulnerability class that conventional audits frequently miss. The collaboration identified three critical vulnerabilities, all of which were mitigated. RISC Zero aims to be the first RISC-V zkVM with formal guarantees across its full circuit architecture, and the Solana verifier contracts were separately audited by Veridise before release. A public bug bounty program is maintained via HackenProof alongside the formal verification work. The economic design of the Boundless marketplace adds a staking requirement: provers must lock ZKC tokens equal to at least ten times the maximum fee for any accepted request, aligning economic incentives with honest and reliable service delivery.

As part of its STRIDE program, Asymmetric Research provides formal verification to Solana protocols with more than 100 million USD in TVL. STRIDE is a comprehensive independent security evaluation launched in partnership with the Solana Foundation that assesses protocols across 40 controls and eight security pillars, including program security, governance, oracle dependencies, supply chain, and operational practices. Each control is scored on a four-point maturity scale, with formal verification representing the highest assurance tier available to participating protocols. The program is funded through Solana Foundation grants and also provides continuous operational security monitoring for protocols with more than 10 million USD in TVL.

Certora is a formal verification platform that applies mathematical proof techniques to smart contracts, detecting vulnerabilities with a rigor that testing and manual review cannot match. The Certora Prover converts contract logic into mathematical formulas and checks every possible execution path, producing either a counterexample that exposes a vulnerability or a machine-checked correctness proof. Open-sourced in February 2025 under GPLv3, the Prover supports EVM chains, Solana via sBPF bytecode, and Stellar at no cost to any development team. On Solana, Certora formally verified SPL Token 2022, P-Token, and what it describes as the network's most battle-tested staking protocol, with all analyses performed at the bytecode level. AutoProver, launched in July 2026, uses AI agents to generate formal specifications automatically from existing code and plain-English documentation, removing manual CVL authorship as an adoption barrier. Certora also operates a subsidized security program announced at Breakpoint 2025 that makes up to one million USD available to Solana projects seeking formal verification coverage.

Adevar Labs is a boutique Web3 security firm that applies mathematical formal verification to critical smart contract properties on both EVM and SVM chains. Rather than relying on test coverage or fuzzing alone, formal methods confirm that specific invariants hold unconditionally for high-stakes protocol logic. Founded in February 2025, the firm uses formal verification alongside manual white-box audits as part of comprehensive security engagements. Solana deployments in the portfolio include DeFi infrastructure, liquid staking, lending vaults, and RWA programs where edge-case correctness matters most. The team includes veterans from Bitdefender, Quantstamp, and Chainproof with depth in Rust, Solidity, and Move. Formal verification is positioned as an upgrade for clients requiring mathematical certainty beyond standard audit coverage.

Automata Network provides cryptographic verification infrastructure using Trusted Execution Environments — Intel SGX/TDX, AMD SEV-SNP, and AWS Nitro Enclaves — to generate hardware-backed attestation reports for Web3 applications. These reports prove that computations ran inside genuine, isolated silicon and are verified directly by on-chain smart contracts, replacing trust in operators with verifiable cryptographic guarantees. The DCAP framework manages Intel certificate chain validation fully on-chain, eliminating centralized attestation services as a dependency. Production deployments with Uniswap, Flashbots, Scroll, and Linea demonstrate the maturity of Automata attestation. A Trail of Bits security review covering eight engineering weeks found the DCAP Attestation v1.0.0 repository well-structured with clear APIs. The SGX Prover and Verifier are open-source under the Apache 2.0 license, and DCAP support expanded to ten networks including Ethereum, Optimism, Base, and Worldchain in November 2025.