In a thought-provoking debate at Solana's Breakpoint 2024, industry experts squared off on the contentious topic of non-custodial wallets, challenging the long-held crypto mantra "not your keys, not your crypto."

Summary

The debate, moderated by Sagar from A16C, featured Nassim Eddequiouaq, co-founder of Bastion, and Brian Friel from Phantom, discussing whether non-custodial wallets are overrated. Both speakers brought nuanced perspectives to the table, acknowledging that custody in crypto exists on a spectrum rather than as a binary choice.

Eddequiouaq argued that non-custodial wallets are somewhat overrated, particularly for the average user. He emphasized that most users have been onboarded to crypto through centralized exchanges, suggesting that complete self-custody might not be necessary or practical for everyone. However, he advocated for user choice and the evolution of self-custody towards greater security and privacy.

Friel, on the other hand, contended that non-custodial wallets are underrated and that the industry should push harder for true self-custody. He highlighted Phantom's success in onboarding millions of users to non-custodial wallets and stressed the importance of putting users first by aligning with principles of financial freedom.

The debate touched on various aspects of wallet security, user experience, and the future of crypto custody. Both speakers agreed that a combination of custodial and non-custodial solutions might be necessary to serve different user needs and use cases.

Key Points:

The Spectrum of Custody

Nassim Eddequiouaq emphasized that custody in crypto is not a binary choice between custodial and non-custodial solutions, but rather a multidimensional spectrum. This spectrum is based on different types of controls, including self-custody, hardware solutions, and operational security measures. He highlighted the importance of considering both the ability of wallet providers to move assets on behalf of users and the ability of users to perform actions without wallet involvement.

This nuanced view of custody challenges the simplistic notion of "not your keys, not your crypto" and suggests that the reality of crypto custody is far more complex. It opens up discussions about the various levels of control and security that different custody solutions can offer, allowing for more tailored approaches to meet diverse user needs and risk profiles.

User Onboarding and Adoption

A significant point raised by Eddequiouaq was the role of centralized exchanges in onboarding the majority of crypto users. He argued that while non-custodial wallets have existed for some time, it was primarily centralized exchanges like Coinbase, Binance, and Kraken that brought in the bulk of crypto users. This observation challenges the notion that self-custody is essential for mass adoption and suggests that many users are comfortable with custodial solutions.

However, Brian Friel countered this by highlighting Phantom's success in onboarding over seven million monthly active users to non-custodial wallets. This demonstrates that with the right user experience and education, non-custodial solutions can achieve significant adoption. The debate underscores the ongoing tension between ease of use and true self-custody in the crypto space.

Security and Control

Both speakers delved into the complexities of wallet security and control. Eddequiouaq pointed out that many self-custodial solutions are potentially vulnerable to hacks or human error, being "one line of code away" from compromise. He argued that in practice, some self-custodial solutions offer similar security properties to custodial ones due to implementation details.

Friel emphasized Phantom's approach to security, stating that they design their systems to prevent any possibility of key recovery without user knowledge or consent. He announced a new embedded wallet product that uses innovative techniques to store encryption keys outside of Phantom's control, demonstrating a commitment to enhancing security in non-custodial solutions.

This discussion highlights the ongoing challenges in balancing security, usability, and true self-custody in wallet design. It also underscores the importance of continuous innovation in wallet security to address potential vulnerabilities and build user trust.

The Future of Crypto Custody

The debate touched on the future direction of crypto custody, with both speakers acknowledging the need for a range of solutions. Eddequiouaq suggested that self-custody should evolve towards greater security and privacy, similar to end-to-end encryption, where it becomes a default option that users can choose to opt out of.

Friel argued for the continued importance of pushing for true self-custody options, even as the industry explores various custody models. He emphasized the need to protect against potential government intervention and to provide users with a full toolkit of custody options.

This forward-looking discussion suggests that the future of crypto custody will likely involve a diverse ecosystem of solutions, catering to different user needs, risk tolerances, and use cases. It also highlights the ongoing need for innovation and user education in this space.

Facts + Figures

• Phantom has onboarded over seven million monthly active users to non-custodial wallets
• Both debaters use multiple wallet types, including hardware wallets and centralized exchanges
• Nassim Eddequiouaq has experience building wallet infrastructure for institutional and retail users, including work at Facebook
• Brian Friel uses Phantom, Ledger, and Solana Mobile Stack for his personal crypto management
• Phantom recently announced a new embedded wallet product using the Juicebox protocol for enhanced security
• The debate took place at Solana's Breakpoint 2024 conference
• A16C is an investor in both Bastion and Phantom
• Non-custodial wallets are considered by some to be just "one line of code away" from potential compromise
• The crypto industry currently has around 100 million people using wallets in some form
• Many users were initially onboarded to crypto through centralized exchanges like Coinbase, Binance, and Kraken

Top quotes

1. "Self custody should evolve in my opinion towards the same character and that privacy. So it's basically locked in and opt out, kind of like giving the choice to users rather than saying like, everyone should follow that." - Nassim Eddequiouaq

2. "We're proud of Phantom that over the last year, we've onboarded over seven million monthly active users to non custodial wallets" - Brian Friel

3. "Not your keys, not your crypto is really just, you're, even with self-excluded, you're still a half away, essentially, I would say, from turning into, like, full control, or someone else." - Nassim Eddequiouaq

4. "I think we as an industry need to push that if we want to make self custody wallets accept a long term." - Brian Friel

5. "I really will see custodial wallets trying for the divestment journey of the humanity, kind of, like, as an entry point for the ecosystem." - Nassim Eddequiouaq

Questions Answered

What is the main argument for non-custodial wallets being overrated?

Nassim Eddequiouaq argues that non-custodial wallets are overrated for the average user who primarily wants to engage in basic crypto activities like payments and purchases. He points out that most users have been onboarded through centralized exchanges, suggesting that complete self-custody isn't necessary or practical for everyone. Additionally, he highlights that many self-custodial solutions are potentially vulnerable to hacks or human error, offering similar security properties to custodial solutions in practice.

How does Phantom approach security in non-custodial wallets?

Brian Friel explains that Phantom designs its systems to prevent any possibility of key recovery without user knowledge or consent. They recently announced a new embedded wallet product that uses the Juicebox protocol to store encryption keys outside of Phantom's control. This approach aims to enhance security by ensuring that even if Phantom were compromised, user keys would remain protected. Phantom also encourages the use of hardware wallets like Ledger for additional security.

Are custodial or non-custodial wallets better for mass adoption of cryptocurrency?

The debate suggests that both custodial and non-custodial wallets have roles to play in mass adoption. Custodial solutions like centralized exchanges have been instrumental in onboarding millions of users to crypto. However, non-custodial wallets like Phantom have also successfully onboarded millions of users. The ideal approach may involve a spectrum of solutions catering to different user needs and comfort levels, with options for users to graduate from custodial to non-custodial solutions as they become more familiar with crypto.

How might the future of crypto custody evolve?

Both debaters suggest that the future of crypto custody will likely involve a diverse ecosystem of solutions. Nassim Eddequiouaq proposes that self-custody should evolve towards greater security and privacy, becoming a default option that users can opt out of if desired. Brian Friel argues for continued emphasis on true self-custody options while acknowledging the need for various custody models. The future may see innovations in shared custody, embedded wallets, and solutions that balance security, usability, and user control.

What are the main challenges facing non-custodial wallets?

Non-custodial wallets face several challenges, including security vulnerabilities, user experience complexity, and the potential for user error leading to loss of funds. The debate highlights that even self-custodial solutions can be vulnerable to hacks or compromises through software updates or human error. Additionally, there's the challenge of educating users about the responsibilities and best practices of self-custody. Balancing true self-custody with user-friendly interfaces and robust security measures remains an ongoing challenge for wallet developers.

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